胆碱

反应条件: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:

反应条件: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

实验步骤: To 1.25 g (4.6 mmol) phenytoin sodium was added 6 ml (5 mmol) choline buffer and diluted with water to 25 ml. The solids were dissolved with stirring or sonication to give a clear solution of pH 12.4. The solids were dissolved sonication to give a clear solution of pH 12.4

反应条件: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

实验步骤: From Choline Chloride and Choline Hydroxide. A 10% choline buffer was prepared from equal portions of 10% choline chloride and 10% choline hydroxide. The 10% choline chloride solution was prepared from 10 g of choline chloride diluted to 100 ml with water. The 10% choline hydroxide solution was prepared by diluting a 50% solution, decolorizing with charcoal, and filtering. Choline hydroxide may also be prepared from choline chloride by ion exchange chromatography. filtering Choline hydroxide may also be prepared from choline chloride by ion exchange chromatography

反应条件: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

实验步骤: The preparation of the several recited choline salts is breifly recited here, though all can be obtained from commercial manufacturers. Choline ascorbate can be prepared from choline and ascorbic acid in methanol according to the procedure set out in U.S. Pat. No. 2,823,166. Choline bicarbonate can be prepared by passing carbon dioxide through a solution of choline until the pH reaction mixture is 9.0 or lower. The mixture is then concentrated and treated with carbon dioxide to pH of 8.5-8.9. Choline bicarbonate is finally isolated by vacuum evaporation of the solution. The preparation of choline chloride can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 2,623,901. Choline and citric acid are combined according to the procedure set out in U.S. Pat. No. 2,774,759 to give choline citrate (tricholinecitrate). Choline dihydrogen citrate, (2-hydroxyethyl)trimethylammonium citrate, is prepared according to the scheme set out in U.S. Pat. No. 2,870,198. The preparation of choline gluconate, the D-gluconic acid salt of choline is given in U.S. Pat. No. 2,691,617.

反应条件: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

实验步骤: A mixture of choline (2.235 mg, 16 mmol) and phosgene (32 ml, 1.93M in toluene) in THF (90 ml) was stirred at room temperature for 72 hours. The precipitate was filtered, washed with hexane, and dried in vacuo to yield choline chloride chloroformate (3.0 g). The precipitate was filtered washed with hexane dried in vacuo

反应条件: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

实验步骤: 25 pbw (0.10 mole) of 1-(2,6-diethylphenyl)imidazole-5-carboxylic acid and 27.0 pbw (0.11 mole) of a 50% aqueous solution of choline are heated in 100 pbv of toluene in a water separator, until the water has been completely removed. The mixture is allowed to cool and is then evaporated in vacuo. 34.5 pbw (97% of theory) of 2-hydroxyethyltrimethylammonium 1-(2,6-diethylphenyl)imidazole-5-carboxylate, a high-viscosity oil, are obtained; identification is carried out by 1H-NMR spectroscopy. has been completely removed to cool is then evaporated in vacuo

反应条件: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

实验步骤: For these enzymes, glucose oxidase catalyzes the reaction of β-D-glucose, water, and oxygen to produce hydrogen peroxide and gluconic acid. Galactose oxidase catalyzes the reaction of D-galactose and oxygen to produce hydrogen peroxide and D-galacto-hexodialdose. Urate oxidase catalyzes the reaction of uric acid, water, and oxygen to produce hydrogen peroxide, allantoin, and carbon dioxide. Choline oxidase catalyzes the reaction of choline and oxygen to produce hydrogen peroxide and betaine aldehyde. D-amino acid oxidase catalyzes the reaction of D-amino acids such as D-proline, D-methionine, D-isoleucine, D-alanine, D-valine, or D-phenylalanine with water and oxygen to produce hydrogen peroxide, ammonia, and the α-keto acid corresponding to the D-amino acid being oxidized. D-glutamate oxidase catalyzes the reaction of D-glutamic acid, water, and oxygen to produce hydrogen peroxide, ammonia, and 2-ketoglutarate. Glycine oxidase catalyzes the reaction of glycine, water, and oxygen to produce hydrogen peroxide, ammonia, and glyoxylic acid. Glycolic acid oxidase (also known as 2-hydroxyacid oxidase) catalyzes the reaction of glycolic acid and oxygen to produce 2-ketoacetic acid and hydrogen peroxide. L-sorbose oxidase catalyzes the reaction of L-sorbose and oxygen to produce 5-dehydro-D-fructose and hydrogen peroxide. Alcohol oxidase catalyzes the reaction of a lower primary alcohol or an unsaturated alcohol and oxygen to produce the corresponding aldehyde and hydrogen peroxide. Amine oxidase catalyzes the reaction of an amine, typically a primary amine, but also, in some cases, a secondary or tertiary amine, water, and oxygen to produce the corresponding aldehyde, ammonia, and hydrogen peroxide. In an illustrative reaction, glucose oxidase catalyzes the reaction of β-D-glucose, water, and oxygen during application to the outer ear to produce hydrogen peroxide and gluconic acid.

反应条件: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

实验步骤: For these enzymes, glucose oxidase catalyzes the reaction of β-D-glucose, water, and oxygen to produce hydrogen peroxide and gluconic acid. Galactose oxidase catalyzes the reaction of D-galactose and oxygen to produce hydrogen peroxide and D-galacto-hexodialdose. Urate oxidase catalyzes the reaction of uric acid, water, and oxygen to produce hydrogen peroxide, allantoin, and carbon dioxide. Choline oxidase catalyzes the reaction of choline and oxygen to produce hydrogen peroxide and betaine aldehyde. D-amino acid oxidase catalyzes the reaction of D-amino acids such as D-proline, D-methionine, D-isoleucine, D-alanine, D-valine, or D-phenylalanine with water and oxygen to produce hydrogen peroxide, ammonia, and the α-keto acid corresponding to the D-amino acid being oxidized. D-glutamate oxidase catalyzes the reaction of D-glutamic acid, water, and oxygen to produce hydrogen peroxide, ammonia, and 2-ketoglutarate. Glycine oxidase catalyzes the reaction of glycine, water, and oxygen to produce hydrogen peroxide, ammonia, and glyoxylic acid. Glycolic acid oxidase (also known as 2-hydroxyacid oxidase) catalyzes the reaction of glycolic acid and oxygen to produce 2-ketoacetic acid and hydrogen peroxide. L-sorbose oxidase catalyzes the reaction of L-sorbose and oxygen to produce 5-dehydro-D-fructose and hydrogen peroxide. Alcohol oxidase catalyzes the reaction of a lower primary alcohol or an unsaturated alcohol and oxygen to produce the corresponding aldehyde and hydrogen peroxide. Amine oxidase catalyzes the reaction of an amine, typically a primary amine, but also, in some cases, a secondary or tertiary amine, water, and oxygen to produce the corresponding aldehyde, ammonia, and hydrogen peroxide. In an illustrative reaction, glucose oxidase catalyzes the reaction of β-D-glucose, water, and oxygen during application to the outer ear to produce hydrogen peroxide and gluconic acid.

反应条件: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

实验步骤: Choline oxidase catalyzes the interaction of choline and oxygen to produce hydrogen peroxide and betaine aldehyde;

反应条件: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

实验步骤: Choline oxidase catalyzes the interaction of choline and oxygen to produce hydrogen peroxide and betaine aldehyde;

反应条件: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

实验步骤: Terephthalic acid (16 parts) is slurried in methanol (80 parts) at 0° C. A 45% solution of 2-hydroxyethyltrimethylammonium hydroxide (choline base) in methanol (10 parts) is added to the slurried terephthalic acid. After stirring for 30 minutes the excess terephthalic acid is removed by filtration. The filtrate is concentrated under reduced pressure and cooled, giving the mono-2-hydroxyethyltrimethylammonium salt of terephthalic acid as a precipitate which is isolated by filtration. That the product is the mono-salt is shown by the following elemental analysis: is removed by filtration The filtrate is concentrated under reduced pressure cooled

反应条件: temp:0.00; pressure:0.00; stir:; See reaction.notes.procedure_details.

实验步骤: Terephthalic acid (16 parts) is slurried in methanol (80 parts) at 0° C. A 45% solution of 2-hydroxyethyltrimethylammonium hydroxide (choline base) in methanol (10 parts) is added to the slurried terephthalic acid. After stirring for 30 minutes the excess terephthalic acid is removed by filtration. The filtrate is concentrated under reduced pressure and cooled, giving the mono-2-hydroxyethyltrimethylammonium salt of terephthalic acid as a precipitate which is isolated by filtration. That the product is the mono-salt is shown by the following elemental analysis: is removed by filtration The filtrate is concentrated under reduced pressure cooled